Fig. 1: Distinct proposed mechanisms for the Glaser coupling.
From: Anaerobic photoinduced Cu(0/I)-mediated Glaser coupling in a radical pathway

a Dimeric Cu(II) acetylides as key intermediates. b Disproportionation of Cu(II)-alkynyl species. c Anaerobic photoinduced coupling mediated by Cu(0/I) in a radical pathway. d Aerobic oxidative coupling mediated by a merged Cu(II) acetylide and Cu-O species.