Fig. 4: Synergistic interaction between FeOxHy and superoxide groups (–OO−).

a–c Polarization curves of a Fe, b Ni, and c Au foils in 1 M KOH and 1 M TMAOH with or without the addition of 3 ppm Fe. d Potential degradation in the electrolyte transition from 1 M KOH to 1 M TMAOH. The samples with superoxide groups (–OO−) are highlighted with an orange background and the one with peroxyl group (–OOH) is highlighted with a blue background. e Tafel plotting of Ni foams in Fe-free and Fe-sparking KOH. To clarify the transition, both the initial and the stable ones are present. f Structural model of FeOxHy on metal foils (M(O)OH) and the proposed catalytic mechanism. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.