Fig. 9: HSV-1 cell-to-cell spread in mutant cultured tissues.

a–d Fully differentiated 3D skin models built with glycoengineered cells were infected with HSV-1 Syn17+ for 36 h followed by fixation in formalin and embedding in paraffin. a The cartoon illustrates the procedure for evaluating HSV-1 spread in organotypic skin tissues. FFPE tissues were sectioned every 30 µm for 10 consecutive slices containing two sections each, spanning from the center of the tissue outwards in two directions. b Consecutive sections were stained with a polyclonal FITC-labeled anti-HSV-1 antibody to visualize virus lesions and whole sections imaged with a microscope slide scanner. An example section series is shown with HSV-1 lesions outlined in purple. c Representative lesions were selected from the scanned section series for each KO tissue. Nuclei were labeled with DAPI. d Three lesions spanning several sections were identified for each KO tissue and lesion area measured at the centermost section. Data is shown as mean + SEM with individual measurement values indicated as black dots. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test was used to evaluate differences from WT (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.