Fig. 3: Mechanistic study. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Mechanistic study.

From: Kinetically matched C–N coupling toward efficient urea electrosynthesis enabled on copper single-atom alloy

Fig. 3: Mechanistic study.

FEs of the primary products in urea electrosynthesis for a Pd-Ni(OH)2, b Pd1Cu1-Ni(OH)2, and c Pd4Cu1-Ni(OH)2 composite catalysts assessed in 0.1 M KHCO3 + 0.1 M KNO3 (catalyst loading: 0.1 mg cm–2). Time-resolved in situ Raman spectra recorded in urea electrosynthesis at –0.5 V from 0 to 45 min: d Pd4Cu1-Ni(OH)2, e Pd-Ni(OH)2. Urea yield rates and urea FEs f at different CO2 partial pressure and g different concentrations of NO3– for Pd4Cu1-Ni(OH)2 at –0.5 V. h Production rates of CO and NH3 in solo CO2RR and NO3RR, and the corresponding ratios of NH3:CO at –0.5 V. a–c, h Error bars in accordance with the standard deviation of at least three independent measurements.

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