Table 1 Summary of cerium-doped shape memory zirconia (CZ) particle content and distribution in the pillar, and the transformational behaviors of micro-pillars S1 to S4

From: Realizing reversible phase transformation of shape memory ceramics constrained in aluminum

Micro-pillar

S1

S2

S3

S4

CZ Distribution

Arc

Interconnected clustering

Double arc

Laminated

Force-chain?

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

CZ Content/vol.%

30

67

70

55

Deformation mode

Load transfer through CZ chains; local extrusion of Al

Al shear

Reversible transformation?

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

  1. The actual CZ content in each pillar was estimated from the corresponding cross-section scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images. The estimated CZ volume fractions in the micro-pillars were likely to be their upper limit, as the particles’ dimension in the out-of-plane direction is smaller than the pillar’s dimension. (Al - aluminum).
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