Fig. 6: Schematic representations of OMIEC film microstructures and the mechanisms of orientation-dependent transient behavior.

a Amorphous (low crystallinity) OMIEC film swollen by electrolyte. Only anions are displayed for convenience. b Amorphous OMIEC film under bias condition. The red arrows represent the drift of anions. c Close-up of molecular packing within ordered crystalline domain indicating the repeat directions. Ion-drift behaviors in OMIEC crystalline domains with face-on orientation when the ion injection direction is d vertical (parylene patterned) and e lateral (CYTOP patterned) to the OMIEC film. Ion-drift behaviors in OMIEC crystalline domains with edge-on orientation when the ion injection direction is f vertical (parylene patterned) and g lateral (CYTOP patterned) to the OMIEC film.