Fig. 1: Distribution of COG families representing the F- and A/V-type ATP synthase subunits and select lipid biosynthesis genes across the tree of life.

COG families corresponding to the ATP synthase subunits and lipid biosynthesis genes (see Methods for selection of COG families, Supplementary Data 3) are represented as a percentage presence by phylogenetic cluster, consistent with collapsed taxonomic clades in the maximum-likelihood concatenated species tree. The concatenated alignment contains 780 taxa and was trimmed with BMGE v1.12 (settings: -m BLOSUM30 -h 0.55)¹¹⁰ to remove poorly-aligning positions (final alignment length = 3367 amino acids). The maximum-likelihood tree was inferred using IQ-TREE2 v2.1.2 with the LG+C20+R+F model with SH-like approximate likelihood (left) and ultrafast bootstrap approximation (right), each with 1000 replicates^111,122,123. The scale bar corresponds to the expected number of substitutions per site. Color code: archaea = red, bacteria = blue, eukaryotes = yellow.