Fig. 1: Image and spectroscopic characterizations of Rh-MFI-cal zeolite.

Electron microscopic characterization of Rh-MFI-cal sample: a Paired HAADF-STEM and iDPC images and b HAADF-STEM image and particle size distribution. Rh clusters appear as small bright particles with particle sizes ∼0.6–1.0 nm. c, d X-ray adsorption spectroscopic characterization of Rh clusters: c XANES spectra collected at the Rh K-edge (left) and d the Fourier Transform of the k2-weigthed EXAFS function signal for Rh-MFI-cal and references. e IR-CO at −65 °C and at increasing CO coverage (0.01–2 mbar) for the Rh-MFI-cal sample. The contribution of CO coordinated to silanol groups (2156 cm−1) and physisorbed CO (2135 cm−1) to the Rh3+-CO band is minimal, as determined from a blank experiment done on pure MFI (see Supplementary Fig. S24).