Fig. 3: Basal properties and antimicrobial properties of D-RAWs in vitro.

a Confocal images of D-RAWs 0, 24, 48, and 72 h post staining with Lyso700D. b Flow cytometry of D-RAWs 0, 24, 48, and 72 h post staining with Lyso700D. c Confocal images of RAW264.7 cells co-stained with Lyso700D (red) and DND-26 (green). Each group of these experiments was performed on three independent samples with similar results. d Confocal images of D-RAWs after taking MRSA (stained with Mem-SQAC). Each group of these experiments was performed on three independent samples with similar results. e Survival of AB and MRSA in intracellular post phototherapy using freshly prepared D-RAWs (assay I) and D-RAWs 72 h after preparation (assay II). f Safety assessment of phototherapy through co-culture assay of D-RAWs and COS-7 cells. The viability of cells was indicated through a Calcein-AM/PI co-staining assay. Each group of these experiments was performed on three independent samples with similar results. Data in b and e are from n = 3 biologically independent samples. All data in b and e are presented as mean ± SD. ND: Not detected. Bar: 10 µm.