Fig. 3: Exploring structural variations between outward- and inward-facing conformations.

Tracking extracellular and intracellular conformations of vSGLT via DEER with spin labels at positions 313 and 423 (extracellular side, a–b) and 279 and 393 (intracellular side, d–e). The red arrows illustrate the distances between spin labels in the inward- and outward-facing conformations. c MDDS calculates the distance distributions of the extracellular probes using the inward- and outward-facing conformations depicted in a and b, respectively. f MDDS calculates the distance distributions of the intracellular probe using the inward- and outward-facing conformations depicted in (d, e), respectively.