Fig. 4: Investigating TMP and substrate-induced structural changes via DEER.

a DEER distance distributions for the extracellular monitor under different conditions: in the absence of TMP or substrate (gray), in the presence of -60 mV (turquoise), in the presence of –60 mV and Na⁺ (orange), and in the presence of –60 mV, Na⁺, and galactose (purple). b Same as (a) but for the intracellular monitor. The individual distance distributions have been shifted vertically for clarity. Dipolar evolution data and corresponding fits are available in Supplementary Fig. 8 and the replicate for the extracellular side is presented in Supplementary Fig. 9. The specific distance peaks obtained from MDDS are provided in (c), referencing the inward-facing structure (IF, broken line, PDB ID: 3DH4), the outward facing model⁶ (OF) and dimer distances. 50% and 95% confidence bands are shown with increasing transparency. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.