Fig. 2: Application and verification of the PAPS regeneration system.
From: Engineering sulfonate group donor regeneration systems to boost biosynthesis of sulfated compounds
a Schematic diagram showing the step-by-step verification of the PAPS regeneration system. b Schematic diagram showing the sulfonation modification of chondroitin sulfate A with the PAPS regeneration system. c Quantification of the ASGE values of each step of the PAPS regeneration system in the production of chondroitin sulfate A (CSA). d Schematic diagram showing the sulfonation modification of trehalose-2-sulfate with the PAPS regeneration system. e Quantification of the ASGE values of each step of the PAPS regeneration system in the production of trehalose-2-sulfate. f Sulfonation of trehalose at different times by using the current PAPS regeneration system and the AST IV-mediated co-factor recycling system. Yellow: with PAP 3'-dephosphatase added, red: with polyphosphokinase 2 added. PPK, polyphosphate kinase. PAPS, 3′-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. PAP, 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphate. ASGE values, active sulfonate group equivalent values. Significance (P value) was evaluated by two-sided t-test, *, **, *** denote P value < 0.05, <0.01, <0.001, respectively. All the data are expressed as the mean ± S.D. from three (n = 3) biologically independent replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
