Fig. 2: MSC secretome enhancement via AIMS.

a Schematic of the secretome enhancement via AIMS. b Heatmap presenting the secretome profiles of different groups after incubating for 4 days. The data was processed by the Z-score normalization and clustering analysis. c–j ELISA assay measuring the secretion of FGF-2, IGF-1, VEGF, HGF-1, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF- α from different groups after incubating for 4 days. k The amounts of secreted exosomes from different groups measured by the EXOCET Exosome Quantitation Kit. l AchE activity of different groups after incubating for 4 days. m Secreted exosome numbers of different groups analyzed using NTA. n A representative TEM image of secreted exosomes from MSC aggregates. n  =  3 tests. Scale bar: 100 nm. o NTA test measuring the diameters of secreted exosomes from different groups. The statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test. Data are graphed as the mean ± SD (n = 4, biological repeats). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.