Fig. 2: Electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity in 0.5 M H2SO4 solutions (pH = 0.3).

a Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves (both iR-corrected and iR-free) of Ru/TiOx, annealed RuOx/TiO2, com. RuO2/TiO2, com. IrO2/TiO2 and TiO2. (Com. RuO2/TiO2 and com. IrO2/TiO2 denotes commercial RuO2/TiO2 and commercial IrO2/TiO2, respectively). iR is automatically compensated by workstation (95%). Mass loadings of noble metals are 0.0715, 0.0867, 0.0992 and 0.1135 mg cm−2 for Ru/TiOx, annealed RuOx/TiO2, com. RuO2/TiO2 and com. IrO2/TiO2, respectively. b Tafel plots derived from the LSV curves (solid line) and the steady-state polarization curves (scatters) (values in parentheses were derived from steady-state polarization curves). c Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of Ru/TiOx, annealed RuOx/TiO2, com. RuO2/TiO2 and com. IrO2/TiO2. d Comparison of overpotentials without iR correction at 10 and 100 mA cm−2 for Ru/TiOx, annealed RuOx/TiO2, com. RuO2/TiO2 and com. IrO2/TiO2. (Error bar: standard error of three repeated measurements). e Comparison of the overpotentials of Ru/TiOx and state-of-the-art Ru/Ir-based electrocatalysts at 10 mA cm−2 in acidic media.