Fig. 4: High dose NR augments the NAD metabolome.

a–q Data from flash frozen whole blood samples analyzed by LC-MS for the indicated metabolites in the placebo (blue) and NR (red). NAAD: NR group: n = 9, placebo group: n = 10; NR NR group: n = 8, placebo group: n = 9; all other metabolites: NR group: n = 10, placebo group: n = 10. r–x Data from flash frozen urine samples analyzed by LC-MS, presented with the same color scheme as above. NAR: NR group: n = 10, placebo group: n = 8; Nam: NR group: n = 9, placebo group: all below limit of detection; all other metabolites: NR group: n = 10, placebo group: n = 9. All p-values were determined using paired two-tailed t-test for normally distributed data and paired two-tailed Wilcoxon test for non-normally distributed data. All p-values were corrected using the Benjamini–Hochberg method. LOD Limit of detection, NAD⁺ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized), NADP⁺ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (oxidized), Me-Nam 1-methyl nicotinamide, NAAD nicotinic acid-adenine dinucleotide, Me-2-PY N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, Nam Nicotinamide, Nam N-oxide Nicotinamide N-oxide, ADPR ADP-ribose, NAR Nicotinic acid riboside, NR Nicotinamide riboside, NMN Nicotinamide mononucleotide, NA Nicotinic acid, ATP Adenosine triphosphate, ADP Adenosine diphosphate, AMP Adenosine monophosphate, GDP Guanosine diphosphate, GTP Guanosine triphosphate, NR NR group, PL Placebo group. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.