Fig. 1: Pre- and post-eruption bathymetry.

a Regional bathymetric map showing the location of the islands of Hunga Tonga and Hunga Ha’apai along the Tonga-Tofu-Kermadec Arc. Onshore regions are shown by black polygons. b, c Bathymetric maps of Hunga Volcano acquired before (b) and after (c) the 2022 eruption. For details pertaining to bathymetry surveys refer to methods. d Solid line (A-A’) and dashed line (A-A’) on insets b & c indicate the location of solid and dash lined profiles shown in (d) that show the Hunga Volcano edifice remained intact after the eruption despite the ~800 m difference in the depth of the caldera and drastic changes in island topography (islands shown in black from28). The before eruption bathymetry was created from multibeam surveys in 201527, 201628 and 2017 satellite-derived bathymetry from Land Information New Zealand. This is overlain on GEBCO_2022 bathymetric grid (greyscale; https://doi.org/10.5285/e0f0bb80-ab44-2739-e053-6c86abc0289c).