Fig. 1: Population genomic structuring and relationship among indicine cattle.

a Geographical locations of 74 taurine and indicine cattle breeds/populations included in this study. The map images were created by authors using https://impactlab.org/map. b Principal component analysis (PCA) showing PC1 versus PC2 of all cattle breeds/populations. c Neighbor-joining tree constructed using whole-genomic autosomal SNP data. d Admixture patterns for K = 2, dividing these cattle breeds/populations into indicine and taurine cattle, and K = 6, revealing each of the taurine and indicine phylogeographic groups.