Fig. 3: Global crude steel production per process within a 1.5 °C budget by 2050.

a BF-BOF: blast furnace and basic oxygen furnace route. b Fossil DRI-EAF: fossil fuel-based direct reduced iron and electric arc furnace route. c H2 DRI-EAF: hydrogen-based direct reduced iron and electric arc furnace route. d Scrap-EAF: scrap-based electric arc furnace route.