Fig. 4: Influences of weakened North Pacific front on continental cold wave and marine heatwave.
From: Ocean fronts as decadal thermostats modulating continental warming hiatus
a Temperatures over the ocean (purple-brown shading) and land (blue-red shading) during a reference period, chosen to force the Warm-Kuroshio experiment (Methods). Contours denote the corresponding atmospheric circulations (300 hPa geopotential height anomaly drawn at ±50, ±150, ±250 gpm) b Average response of planetary wave and temperature in the Warm-Kuroshio experiments (contours with 10 gpm interval). Values present deviations from the control experiment (Methods). The green box indicates the region where the anomalous SST forcing was imposed. c Anomalous oceanic warming and continental cooling during the winter of 2013/14. d Probability of a marine heatwave over the eastern North Pacific (boxed area in c) during a mature hiatus of North America in ramp-up experiments (bar). The filled bar indicates a significant deviation from non-hiatus periods (contour), whose 5th and 95th percentiles are presented via error bars (Methods).
