Table 1 Comparison of pyroelectric energy harvesting performance of BNT-BZT-xGaN ceramic with that of other state-of-the-art pyroelectric energy harvesting systems driven by unit temperature change

From: Thermoelectric coupling effect in BNT-BZT-xGaN pyroelectric ceramics for low-grade temperature-driven energy harvesting

Materials

ΔT (K)

p (10−4 C m−2 K−1)

Uo (V K−1)

Io (μA K−1)

Energy density for volume (μJ cm−3 K−1)

Power density for area (μw cm−2 K−1)

Ref.

ITO/BNT-BZT/Ag

30.5

5.0

1.67

0.003

~

~

27

BZT/BCT/STO

11.8

34.3

~

0.11

~

~

28

I−/I3−/MC/KCl (TGC)

15.0

~

0.01

~

5.34

~

29

PPGO

110.0

~

0.02

0.10

~

0.17

30

PMN-PMS-PZT: xCNT

20.0

43.3

0.67

~

~

~

16

HfO2/Hf0.5Zr0.5O2:La

160.0

0.7

~

~

~

~

31

Ag/PVDF/Ag

4.0

~

15

~

~

~

32

PVDF/BST/BN

70.0

~

0.43

0.27

~

0.09

33

SnS:Na

3.9

~

0.001

24.51

~

~

34

PEDOT: Tos

13.8

~

5.41

0.001

~

0.03

35

WKF-based PTM

80.0

~

~

~

~

0.002

36

Au@rGO-PEI

29.0

~

4.14

0.072

~

0.009

37

Al/PVDF/Al

5.0

17.9

9.60

0.005

0.23

~

38

CH3NH3PbI3/PVDF

38.0

~

0.001

~

~

0.003

39

BNT-BZT-GaN

2.0

850.0

29.0

0.06

40

~

This work

  1. ΔT temperature variation, p pyroelectric coefficient, Uo open-circuit voltage generated at ΔT = 1 °C, Io short-circuit current generated at ΔT = 1 °C, ITO/BNT-BZT/Ag ITO/0.94(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-0.06Ba(Zr0.25Ti0.75)O3/Ag, BZT/BCT/STO BaZr0.2Ti0.8O3/Ba0.7Ca0.3TiO3/ Ba0.7Ca0.3TiO3, I−/I3−/MC/KCl (TGC) I−/I3− redox couple/methylcellulose/KCl (thermogalvanic cells), PPGO poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly (styrene sulfonate) and graphene oxide (PPGO), PMN-PMS-PZT: xCNT Pb[(Mn1/3Nb2/3)1/2(Mn1/3Sb2/3)1/2]0.04(Zr0.95Ti0.05)0.96O3:x carbon nanotubes, Ag/PVDF/Ag Ag/Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Ag, PVDF/BST/BN poly(vinylidene fluoridetrifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene)/barium strontium titanate/boronnitride, PEDOT Tos tosylate-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), WKF-based PTM Kevlar fiber based personal thermal management, Au@rGO-PEI Au@polyethylenimine modified graphene oxide, Al/PVDF/Al Al/Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Al, CH3NH3PbI3/PVDF methylammonium lead iodide/poly(vinylidene fluoride).
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