Fig. 1: Elevated expression of interferon, inflammatory, and plasma cell-associated modules revealed by bulk transcriptome analysis.

a Heatmap of bulk transcriptome expression comparing day 0 (n = 24 infants), day 7 (n = 23 infants), and day 30 (n = 21 infants). N = 419 differentially expressed genes at day 7 are shown (rows) across the three time points (columns). Differentially expressed genes were identified using the Kruskal–Wallis H test with an adjusted p value < 0.05. The color legend indicates the log2-fold change. b Expression patterns of gene modules. Day 0 (baseline) serves as the reference, and changes in gene module expression are depicted using a color scale: red indicating overexpression, blue indicating underexpression, and white indicating no significant difference compared to day 0. The value in each circle indicates the percentage of significant module-related genes showing underexpression (blue) or overexpression (red).