Fig. 4: Information-related pathways are unique to individuals.

Left: schematic of human, macaque, and mouse brains from scidraw.io97,98,99. Each row in the figure corresponds to one species. a Identifiability matrices for the three species, reporting subjects’ similarities between test (rows) and retest (columns) parallel communication score (PCS) data. Humans: n = 100 biologically independent subjects; macaques: n = 9 biologically independent animals; mice: n = 10 biologically independent animals. Test-retest similarity was quantified with the Jaccard similarity index. b Box plots representing self-similarity (Iself, diagonal entries of the identifiability matrix) and others-similarity (Iothers, out-diagonal entries of the identifiability matrix) values. c Self- and others-similarity values when considering only region pairs with low parallel communication scores (PCS ≤ 1.3 on average). d Self- and others-similarity values when considering only region pairs with high parallel communication scores (PCS > 1.3 on average). Test–retest datasets were obtained by splitting into two sections the fMRI recording of each subject. The success rate (SR) for subjects’ identification is reported for each pair of box plots. In the box plots, vertical bars indicate mean ± standard deviation; notch bars indicate median and 1st–3rd quartiles; shaded areas indicate 1st–99th percentiles. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.