Fig. 2: Non-stationarity of sea-surface temperature (SST) observational data coverage.

a Mean number of SST observations per month in HadSST4 and HadCRUT5 for the time span 1850–2021 in each grid cell. b Number of observations per month in HadSST4 and HadCRUT5 in the subploar gyre (SPG, black) and globally (turqouise). Raw observations are the same for both HadSST4 and HadCRUT. c Number of years with complete annual mean data (see Methods) for HadSST. d Fraction of full grid cells (grid cells with data in each month), after taking the annual mean in the SPG (black) and globally (orange) in HadSST. e Same as (c) but for HadCRUT. f Same as (d) but for HadCRUT. The SPG area is shown as a square on the maps.