Fig. 1: Standardized effect sizes (Hedge’s d; center for the error bars) of land-use intensification on indicators of multiple ecosystem services in grasslands. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Standardized effect sizes (Hedge’s d; center for the error bars) of land-use intensification on indicators of multiple ecosystem services in grasslands.

From: Grassland intensification effects cascade to alter multifunctionality of wetlands within metaecosystems

Fig. 1: Standardized effect sizes (Hedge’s d; center for the error bars) of land-use intensification on indicators of multiple ecosystem services in grasslands.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

A Soil nutrient maintenance; (B) Adjacent ditch water quality regulation; (C) Carbon storage and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation; (D) Biodiversity maintenance; (E) Invasion resistance; and (F) Agricultural production. Effect sizes of intensification were estimated by comparing Intensively-managed (IM) vs. Semi-natural (SN) grasslands, with error bars representing 95% confidence intervals. Positive Hedge’s d denotes a higher indicator value for IM than SN grasslands. Black bars represent significant differences (α ≤ 0.05) between IM and SN grasslands, whereas grey bars indicate non-significant differences. Numbers in parentheses mean the sample size for estimating the effect size of each indicator. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Back to article page