Fig. 2: Standardized effect sizes (Hedge’s d; center for the error bars) of land-use intensification on indicators of multiple ecosystem services in embedded wetlands. | Nature Communications

Fig. 2: Standardized effect sizes (Hedge’s d; center for the error bars) of land-use intensification on indicators of multiple ecosystem services in embedded wetlands.

From: Grassland intensification effects cascade to alter multifunctionality of wetlands within metaecosystems

Fig. 2: Standardized effect sizes (Hedge’s d; center for the error bars) of land-use intensification on indicators of multiple ecosystem services in embedded wetlands.

A Soil nutrient maintenance; (B) Water quality regulation; (C) Carbon storage and greenhouse gas mitigation; (D) Biodiversity maintenance; (E) Agricultural production; and (F) Invasion resistance. Effect sizes were estimated by comparing wetlands embedded in Intensively-managed (IM) vs. Semi-natural (SN) grasslands, with error bars representing 95% confidence intervals. Positive Hedge’s d denotes a higher indicator value for IM than SN wetlands. Black bars represent significant differences (α ≤ 0.05) between IM and SN wetlands, whereas grey bars indicate non-significant differences. Numbers in parentheses mean the sample size for estimating the effect size of each indicator. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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