Fig. 3: Heterogeneous domain activity within an NMC particle.
From: Asynchronous domain dynamics and equilibration in layered oxide battery cathode
a Optical intensity evolution of an abnormal particle upon charging. b Optical intensity and current density evolution of this particle in the time window of 20-80 min. Three charging pulses for domains D1, D2, and D3 are identified. c The normalized optical intensity evolution of the four different sub-particle domains (D1 to D4). d–g the particle’s electrochemical activity maps over different time windows and the corresponding circular plot of the local current distributions with error bar (shading). h–j Lithium concentration profiles from finite element analysis of an NMC particle comprising intra-particle domains. The domain boundary experiences damage as NMC particle is charged, thus restricting the lithium flow across them. k Lithium concentration profiles for the sub-particle domains evolve over time during the charging process. The domains exhibit an extensive level of intra-domain charge and damage heterogeneity. The scale bars are 5 μm.
