Fig. 1: Working mechanism of the dual functionality of CsNO3 additive.

a Schematic illustration of the concentration gradient development of the Cs+ and NO3− species when voltage is applied in a Li metal cell. b Cs L-3 edge spectra of NMC811 and Li metal after cycling in the electrolyte containing 3 wt% CsNO3 additive. c X-ray fluorescence (XRF) images showing the distribution of Cs species on the surface of NMC811 and Li metal after cycling in electrolyte (200 cycles) containing 3 wt% CsNO3 additives. d, e Show the N K-edge spectra of NMC811 and Li metal, respectively after cycling in electrolyte containing 3 wt% CsNO3 additive. The cycling was performed at C/2 rate (0.8 mA/cm2) in high N/P cells.