Fig. 3: Electrochemical cycling performance of Li metal batteries in baseline electrolyte and with CsNO3 additive.

a Coulombic efficiency measurement following the Aurbach method in a Li||Cu cell47. b Cycling stability of Li metal cell with NMC811 and Li metal with baseline electrolyte and electrolyte containing 3 wt% CsNO3 additive. NMC811 loading is 9 mg/cm2 and Li metal used is 250 μm thick. Cycling is performed at C/2 rate (0.8 mA/cm2). c Cycling stability of Li metal cell using NMC811 with 21 mg/cm2 loading and 50 μm thick Li metal in the electrolyte containing 3 wt% CsNO3 additive. The cells go through two formation cycles at a rate of C/10 (0.4 mA/cm2) and five cycles at C/5 rate (0.8 mA/cm2) before being cycled at 1 C (4 mA/cm2) rate and 2 C (8 mA/cm2) for later cycles. d Coulombic efficiency of the cells in Fig. 3b. e Coulombic efficiency of the cells in Fig. 3c.