Fig. 6: Performance metrics and a proof-of-concept demonstration of the flow cell.

The electrochemical performance of the Zn-CRR/HzOR batteries that greatly outperforms the reported Zn-CO2 batteries, regarding the charging voltage as a function of cycle time (a) and the FE of CO or formic acid generation (b). c Schematic of the flow cell. d The long-term stability of two nearly identical flow cells based on HzOR (HzOR-1 and HzOR-2), indicating high reproducibility in the range of used flow rates: the flow rate of catholyte were 13.4 and 26.8 rpm for HzOR-1 and HzOR-2, respectively, and the anolyte flow rate remained at 20 rpm.