Fig. 2: Seminoma and PGCs shared gene expression programs in pluripotency and germ cell development.

a UMAP plot of normal germ cells (n = 3 samples, data from GEO:GSE120508³⁴) combined with tumor cells (n = 5163 cells, 4 samples), curve with arrow represents development trajectory of normal germ cells from SSCs to sperm. b Heatmap showing average gene expression patterns of each cell type in (Fig. 2a). c 3D PCA of seminoma and early germ cells (UMAP shown in Supplementary Fig. 2a) showing that seminoma and PGCs display highest similarity. d Correlation analysis of cell types in (Fig. 2c) calculated using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Source data are provided as a Source data file. e K-means clustering of genes exhibiting differential and shared expression between seminoma and all early germ cell stages. Curve with arrow represents developmental timeline of male germ cells. Each row represents a gene, and each column represents a single cell. Shared and differential gene expression levels use a Z score as defined by the color key; associated GO terms (using DAVID version 6.8) are given on the right of the corresponding gene clusters. f Expression of TFAP2C, POU5F1, NANOG and SOX17 in cell types in (Fig. 2c). The white dots represent mean expression. g TFAP2C and SOX17 expression patterns in spatial transcriptome data.