Table 2 Summary of behavioral changes following selective lesions

From: Mapping causal links between prefrontal cortical regions and intra-individual behavioral variability

  

Measure

ANOVA structure

Effect type

ACC

DLPFC

ANOVA structure

Effect type

OFC

sdlPFC

Frontopolar

PCC

a

RT variability

in cC trials

RT-COV in each session

Lesion-group (lesion/control)

× Monkey (nested in Lesion-group)

Lesion-group (main)

Decreased

(P < 0.001, F(1140) = 35.66 ηp2 = 0.20)

Decreased

(P = 0.041, F(1140) = 4.26, ηp2 = 0.03)

Lesion (pre/post)

×

Monkey

Lesion

(main)

Increased

(P < 0.001, F(1,42) =  12.56, ηp2 = 0.23)

No change

(P = 0.33, F(1,42) = 0.96, ηp2 = 0.02)

No change

(P = 0.78, F(1,56) = 0.082, ηp2  = 0.001)

Increased

(P < 0.001, F(1,42) = 30.31, ηp2 = 0.42)

b

   

Lesion

×

Monkey (interaction)

P = 0.68, F(2,42) = 0.39, ηp2 '= 0.02

P = 0.22, F(2,42) = 1.55, ηp2 = 0.07

P = 0.32, F(3,56) = 1.19, ηp2 = 0.06

P = 0.42, F(2,42) = 0.90, ηp2 =  0.04

c

SD of RT in each session

Lesion-group (main)

Decreased

(P < 0.001, F(1140) = 77.19, ηp2 = 0.36)

Decreased

(P < 0.001, F(1140) = 44.79, ηp2 = 0.24)

Lesion

(main)

Increased

(P < 0.001, F(1,42) = 31.87, ηp2 = 0.43)

No change

(P = 0.42, F(1,42) = 0.65, ηp2 = 0.02)

No change

(P = 0.87, F(1,56) = 0.026, ηp2  = 0.001)

Increased

(P < 0.001, F(1,42) = 25.64, ηp2 = 0.38)

d

   

Lesion

×

Monkey (interaction)

P = 0.65, F(2,42) = 0.44, ηp2 = 0.02

P = 0.23, F(2,42) = 1.52, ηp2 = 0.07

P = 0.43, F(2,42) = 0.94, ηp2 = 0.05

P = 0.006, F(2,42) = 5.72, ηp2 = 0.21

e

RT variability difference between cC and cE trials

RT-COV in each session

Response-type (cC/cE)

×

Lesion-group (lesion/control)

×

Monkey (nested in Lesion-group)

Response-type

×

Lesion-group (interaction)

Decreased

(P = 0.041, F(1,140) = 4.25, ηp2 = 0.03)

No change

(P = 0.24, F(1,140) = 1.42, ηp2 = 0.01)

Response-type (cC/cE)

×

Lesion (pre/post)

×

Monkey

Response-type

×

Lesion

(interaction)

Decreased

(P = 0.008, F(1,42) = 7.80, ηp2 = 0.16)

No change

(P = 0.80, F(1,42) = 0.07, ηp2 = 0.002)

No change

(P = 0.055, F(1,56) = 3.83, ηp2 = 0.064)

No change

(P = 0.20, F(1,42) = 1.71, ηp2 = 0.04)

f

SD of RT in each session

Response-type

×

Lesion-group (interaction)

Decreased

(P < 0.001, F(1,140) = 46.75, ηp2 = 0.25)

Decreased

(P = 0.015, F(1,140) = 6.10, ηp2 = 0.04)

Response-type

×

Lesion (interaction)

No change

(P = 0.46, F(1,42) = 0.56, ηp2 = 0.01)

Decreased

(P = 0.040, F(1,42) = 4.47, ηp2 = 0.10)

No change

(P = 0.16, F(1,56) = 2.02, ηp2 = 0.04)

No change

(P = 0.38, F(1,42) = 0.78, ηp2 = 0.02)

g

Mean RT in cC trials

   

Decreased25

Decreased25

  

Increased25

Decreased25

No change65

No change65

h

Cognitive flexibility

   

Decreased25

Decreased25

  

Decreased25

No change25

No change65

No change65

  1. “Decreased” and “Increased” indicate that the measure was significantly smaller and larger in the lesioned group than that in the control group (for ACC and DLPFC), respectively, or significantly smaller and larger in the post-lesion test than that in the pre-lesion test, respectively (for OFC, sdlPFC, FP, and PCC). “No change” means that there was no significant difference. The RT-COV or SD of RT in each of 15 daily sessions were used for analyses. For OFC, sdlPFC, Frontopolar and PCC, data were collected in 15 daily sessions for each of pre-lesion and post-lesion testing. DLPFC Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ACC anterior cingulate cortex, OFC orbitofrontal cortex, sdlPFC superior dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex, PCC posterior cingulate cortex.
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