Fig. 2: BPG4-overexpressing plants showed the suppression of chloroplast development and chlorophyll contents which, conversely, were increased in BPG4 knockout mutants. | Nature Communications

Fig. 2: BPG4-overexpressing plants showed the suppression of chloroplast development and chlorophyll contents which, conversely, were increased in BPG4 knockout mutants.

From: BPG4 regulates chloroplast development and homeostasis by suppressing GLK transcription factors and involving light and brassinosteroid signaling

Fig. 2: BPG4-overexpressing plants showed the suppression of chloroplast development and chlorophyll contents which, conversely, were increased in BPG4 knockout mutants.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a WT (Col-0), bpg4-1, bpg4-2, BPG4-OX-2, and BPG4-OX-10 seedlings grown on half-strength MS medium for 8 days. Scale bars = 1 mm. b Relative expression of BPG4 in WT, bpg4-1, bpg4-2, BPG4-OX-2, and BPG4-OX-10 grown on half-strength MS medium for 8 days. The relative expression levels were normalized to GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE (GAPDH). The means and SDs were obtained from three biological replicates. c Detection of BPG4 proteins in WT, bpg4-1, bpg4-2, BPG4-OX-2, and BPG4-OX-10 grown on half-strength MS medium under continuous light for 7 days. ACTIN was used as a loading control. Endogenous contents of chlorophyll a (d) and chlorophyll b (e) and the chlorophyll a/b ratio (f) in WT, bpg4-1, bpg4-2, BPG4-OX-2, and BPG4-OX-10 seedlings grown on half-strength MS medium for 10 days; n = 20 biologically independent samples. g Electron microscopy image of WT, bpg4-1, and BPG4-OX-2 chloroplasts in mesophyll cells of rosette leaves. The plants were grown on soil for 3 weeks. Scale bars = 0.2 µm and 1 µm (inset). h Quantification of grana stacking in mesophyll cells from the genotypes shown in (g). A thylakoid is defined as a pair of membranes enclosing a single luminal space. The means and SDs were obtained from 15 chloroplasts. Thylakoid stacking numbers were counted within the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd largest granum each in a chloroplast, and the averages obtained for the three grana were used for analysis. In (d–f), and h, the center of the boxplot is denoted by the median, a horizontal line dividing the box into two equal halves. The bounds of the box are defined by the lower quartile (25th percentile) and the upper quartile (75th percentile). The whiskers extend from the box and represent the data points that fall within 1.5 times the interquartile range (IQR) from the lower and upper quartiles. Any data point outside this range is considered an outlier and plotted individually. The different letters above the bars indicate statistically significant differences between the samples (one-way ANOVA: Tukey–Kramer’s multiple comparisons test, P < 0.01).

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