Fig. 2: UBP5 is an essential plant developmental regulator.

a Phenotypic characterisation of ubp5 mutant line: i, smaller seedlings; ii, shorter primary roots; and iii) stunted and bushy growth (Note: in iii ubp5 plant was 2 weeks older than the Col-0 plant) compared to Col-0 plants; iv, complementation of ubp5 mutant phenotypes in 4-week-old Arabidopsis plants (an UBP5pro::gUBP5-eGFP construct was used for the complementation of ubp5); v, floral phenotype of Col-0 and vi, ubp5. Scale bar = 2.5 mm. b Violin cum box plot showing hypocotyl and root length of Col-0, UBP5-GFP (complementation line) and ubp5 measured 10 days after germination. The values were obtained from twenty independent seedlings (n = 20). The violin plots show the distribution pattern of data and are overlaid with boxplots. For box plots, the middle line represents the median; the upper and lower lines are the first and third quartile (Q1 and Q3); the whiskers indicate the upper and lower limits of data spread by subtracting 1.5* interquartile range (IQR) from Q1 and adding 1.5* IQR to Q3. Statistical significance was calculated with one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD and p-values are indicated. c Volcano plot of the misregulated genes between Col-0 vs ubp5. Genes with a p adjusted value (padj) lower than 0.05 are coloured. Up and down-regulated DEGs are shown in orange and blue colour dots respectively. The non-significant DEGs are represented as grey dots. The genes with Log2FC <1 or Log2FC < –1 (False Discovery Rate (FDR) < 0.05) were considered for further analysis and 'n' denotes the number of genes. FDR values are derived from DESeq2 by adjusting p-values using Benjamini-Hochberg method. d Functional categorisation of ubp5 misregulated (both upregulated and downregulated) genes based in ShinyGO v0.75 analysis. GO analysis of ubp5 misregulated genes based on biological process (FDR < 0.05).