Fig. 2: Taxonomic differences the microbiota of humans and NHAs.

a Effect sizes (t-values from univariate linear regression) of abundance differences of genera in fecal samples of NHAs (n = 143) and humans (x-axis) and humans within African (n = 23) and European (n = 48) populations separated as well (y-axis). Points are colored according to the association groups with European (dark blue) and African human populations (light blue), or to indicate enrichment in NHAs (orange) or humans (bright blue). Taxonomic groups not found to be associated with any of the groups (all Q > 0.05, two-sided) are shown in grey. Horizontal and vertical lines depict the t-value threshold ( | t-value | > 4.04) for statistical significance after Bonferroni-correction. b Per-sample and host group abundances of selected genera found with unchanged abundances across all groups (top), increased abundance in NHAs (n = 143) or humans (n = 71; rows 2 and 3, respectively), or in humans from Africa (n = 23) or Europe (n = 48; rows 4 and 5). Points are colored according to host genus: Gorilla = greens, Pan = reds, oranges, and yellows, and human = blues. c Cumulative abundance trajectories of taxa associated with human communities and NHAs. Shown are the per-sample cumulative abundances within each host group, grouped based on a taxon’s association with either NHAs (n = 143), all humans(n = 71), or one of the human population subgroups. All boxplots show the following elements: center line: median, box limits: upper and lower quartile; whiskers: 1.5 × interquartile ranges.