Fig. 2: Optimizing the DMX de novo biosynthetic pathway.
From: De novo biosynthesis of the hops bioactive flavonoid xanthohumol in yeast
a Schematic overview of the modification of three parallel biosynthetic modules. The three modules include the aromatic pathway (purple label), malonyl-CoA pathway (orange label), and MVA pathway (blue label). Upregulated steps are indicated with bold arrows, and downregulated or knockout steps are shown with dashed arrows. FjTAL encoding tyrosine ammonia-lyase, HlCCL1 encoding 4-coumarate-coenzyme A ligase, CHS_H1 encoding chalcone synthase, HlCHIL2 encoding noncatalytic chalcone isomerase, HlPT1L encoding prenyltransferase, aro10 encoding phenylpyruvate decarboxylase, ARO4K229L and ARO7G141S encoding resistant versions of DAHP synthase and chorismate mutase, ACC1 encoding acetyl-CoA carboxylase, tHMG1 encoding truncated HMG-CoA reductase 1, IDI1 encoding isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, ERG20N127W encoding variant of farnesyl diphosphate synthase, P-HlPT1L, overexpression of prenyltransferase by the pESC-URA plasmid. See Fig. 1 legend regarding other abbreviations. b Metabolic modification of these three modules improved the production of precursors NC/N. c Mutation of ERG20 and overexpression of HlPT1L improved DMX production. d HPLC analysis of the DMX standard and the fermented product of strains YS103, YS112, YS116 and YS117. All strains were cultivated in 100 mL shake flasks containing 20 mL of minimal medium. Mean values ± standard deviations are shown (n = 3 independent biological samples). Student’s t-test was used for comparing two groups (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001), and p values were shown in b, c. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
