Fig. 3: Spatial interaction index and its components.

a Spatial interaction index of countries worldwide. b Interaction magnitude of 17 SDGs. c Interaction magnitude of 55 SDG indicators. Both the spatial interaction index and interaction magnitude are divided into four components: synergistic effects via nature-caused flows, trade-off effects via nature-caused flows, synergistic effects via international trade, and trade-off effects via international trade. The numbers displayed on the horizontal axis of c represent the identifiers for the 55 SDG indicators included in this study (Supplementary information Table S1).