Fig. 4: Associations of HF-related proteins with cardiac and non-cardiac function and incident HF phenotype in late-life. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Associations of HF-related proteins with cardiac and non-cardiac function and incident HF phenotype in late-life.

From: Large scale plasma proteomics identifies novel proteins and protein networks associated with heart failure development

Fig. 4

a Heatmap showing the cross-sectional associations of HF-associated protein levels with measures of cardiac structure and function, arterial properties, pulmonary function, fat mass, grip strength, and anemia. Proteins were ordered using hierarchical clustering based on associations with cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular function. Linear regression models adjusted for age, BMI, eGFR by CKD-EPI, race, sex, current smoking status, prevalent CAD, prevalent DM, prevalent AF, and prevalent hypertension, and additionally for heart rate and systolic blood pressure for echocardiographic outcomes. Color shading indicates hazard ratio as indicated in the scale. Gray indicates non-significant association. FDR p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant after adjusting for multiple testing. Color of the bar below the heatmap signifies the observed association of protein levels with incident HF risk. Red – higher protein level associates with higher risk of incident HF; Blue – higher protein level associates with lower risk of incident HF. Proteins were ordered using hierarchical clustering based on associations with cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular function. b Hazard ratio-Hazard ratio plot demonstrating consistency of associations of candidate proteins with incident HFpEF (X axis) and HFrEF (Y axis) in the ARIC late-life analysis set (Visit 5). Hazard ratios (HRs) are based on single protein, multivariable Cox proportional hazard models adjusting for age, BMI, eGFR by CKD-EPI, race, sex, current smoking status, prevalent CAD, prevalent DM, prevalent AF, and prevalent hypertension. Color indicates outcomes for which statistically significant associations were observed (Orange – HFrEF, Green – HFpEF, Purple – Both, Gray – neither), which shape indicates strength of association (Triangle – FDR < 0.05, Circle – Bonferroni-corrected (BF) significance level). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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