Fig. 2: Measurements of the memristor-based binarized neural network, employing a lab-bench power supply.

a Sample measurement of the output of the integrated circuit, compared with a delay-less register-transfer level (RTL) simulation. b Photograph of the printed circuit board used for the experiments. c Measurement of the energy consumption to perform a whole-chip inference, for various operating frequencies and supply voltages. d Pie chart comparing the different sources of energy consumption in the system, obtained using simulations (see Methods).