Fig. 1: Localized ginsenoside hydrolysis occurs in the lesion area of P. notoginseng leaves with round spot disease in open field.

a Different zone of the infected PNL was harvested for chemical analysis. Zone I: lesion area, Zone II: healthy area in the same leaf, Zone III: healthy area in the neighboring leaf. b HPLC-UV chromatograms of methanolic extracts of healthy leaf from the non-infected plants (CON) and PNL with round spot disease at different zones collected in the open field, the peak number of ginsenosides represent in the same manner in (d). c Chemical structures of hydrolysis-involved ginsenosides in PNL and their corresponding products. Glc, β-d-glucopyranosyl, Araf, α-l-arabinofuranosyl; Arap, α-l-arabinopyranosyl; xyl, β-d-xylopyranosyl. d Hydrolysis turnovers of different zones in PNL with round spot disease, calculated as the ratio of Fd to Fd + Rb3 (left) and Fe to Rc+Fe (right), CON, the healthy leaf from the non-infected plants. n = 12 biologically independent samples. e Hydrolysis turnovers of corresponding leaf tissue from P. notoginseng plants upon different biotic and abiotic stresses, including sunscald (a physiological disorder caused by exposure to excess solar radiation), root-knot nematode disease (a pathogenic root disease caused by M. hapla Chitwood) and round spot disease (a pathogenic foliar disease caused by M. acerina). n = 17, 14, 3, and 26 biologically independent samples in control, sunscald, root-knot, and round spot groups, respectively. d, e The data are expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was calculated using a one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Data with different letters above the bars are significantly different (p < 0.05). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.