Fig. 1: General process of direct 4D printing ceramics.
From: Direct 4D printing of ceramics driven by hydrogel dehydration
a Illustration of multimaterial 3D printing a hydrogel-ceramic laminate. b Processes to convert a hydrogel-ceramic laminate to a pure curved ceramic beam. The upper orange layer and lower grey layer in the laminate represent the AP hydrogel and ceramic elastomer, respectively. c Illustration of multimaterial 3D printing a flat flower laminate. After the ceramic layer is printed, the hydrogel vat will move below the printing platform to print hydrogel layer. d Demonstration of the processes that convert a printed flat flower laminate to a pure 3D ceramic flower. e Evolution process of flower shape over time. Scale bars, 10 mm.
