Fig. 2: Performance analysis of the proposed solar vapor generation-crystallization devices with varying leaf orientation and stem height.
a Schematic of the experimental setup used to evaluate the lab scale device. b Optical and IR images of three single-leaf evaporators with tilt angles of −30, 0 and +30o, all using saline water with salinity of 12 wt.% under one sun illumination. c Comparison of single leaf solar vapor generator with various tilt angles in terms of mass change and evaporation flux per hour. d Average evaporation flux and thermal efficiency for single leaf solar vapor generator with various tilt angles. Error bars represent the standard deviation of three-time measurements. e Comparison between long and short stem in mangrove-mimicked solar vapor generators in terms of mass change and evaporation flux for 24 h using water with salinity of 3.5 wt.%. f Photos of the mangrove-like solar vapor generator with long and short stem using water with salinities of 3.5 and 7 wt.% after 12 h of illumination.
