Fig. 10: Three-dimensional high-fidelity simulation of liquid metal flows in a stainless steel 316L melt pool caused by a laser raster on a powder bed.

a–f The evolution of the melt pool as the laser advances on the surface. The blue region highlights the area where the local temperature is below the solidus of stainless steel but potentially above the liquidus of the slags. Arrows indicate the direction of the local liquid flow and their length scales with the flow velocity.