Fig. 2: Selected structural parameters obtained from Raman and SAXS data and schematic showing proposed effects of ball-milling on the microstructure of hard carbon.

a ID1/IG and b La values calculated from Raman spectroscopy data; and c Dā values calculated from SAXS data for pristine and ball-milled HC700 and HC1000 samples. d Schematic showing the effects on open and closed porosity in HC samples after the ball-milling treatment. Source data are provided as a Source Data File.