Fig. 4: Evaluation of pathogen and NA enrichment/isolation on a BSNFs-chip.

a Schematic representation of strategies to analysis pathogen and nucleic acid (NA) enrichment/isolation efficiencies. The validation of these strategies was achieved through two methods; The 2-Step method involved initial concentration and isolation of pathogens using Flat-chip, PSNFs-chip, and BSNFs-chip, followed by conventional isolation of NAs. The 1-Step method allowed simultaneous pathogen and NA enrichment/isolation within a single Flat-chip, PSNFs-chip, and BSNFs-chip. Figure created with BioRender.com. b Comparative analysis of pathogen and NA enrichment/isolation capture efficiency between the 1-Step and 2-Step methods with a conventional NA isolation method. The orange dashed line represents the absolute mean value at 30.18. For each method, n = 3 biologically independent experiments were conducted. Data are presented as mean values ± SD. c–e Limit of detection (LOD) results employing the 1-Step method for DNA targeting the ACTB gene from HCT116 cells (n = 3 for the conventional method and n = 4 for Flat, PSNF, and BSNF in biologically independent experiments), for RNA targeting the 18 s rRNA gene from HCT116 cells (n = 3 for the conventional method and n = 4 for Flat, PSNF, and BSNF in biologically independent experiments), and for viral RNA targeting the S gene from SARS-CoV-2 (n = 3 biologically independent experiments per group). Data are presented as mean values ± SD. Source data are provided as a Source data file.