Fig. 5: Micro-tensile/in-situ EBSD tensile test results for the ultrastrong and ductile steel welds.

a Engineering stress‒strain curves. b Tensile strength, uniform elongation, and ECO-index values of the welds based on the micro-tensile test results. c, d True stress‒strain curves with strain hardening rates of 1.2 GPa and 1.0 GPa steel welds, respectively. e Variations in the EBSD phase maps with increasing strain during the in-situ EBSD tensile tests.