Fig. 3: Oral administration of Pg altered the gut microbiota composition.

a High-throughput metagenomic sequencing of the faecal bacterial genome from DSS + PBS, DSS+LiPg, and DSS+DePg mice. n = 3. The number of common or unique species among different groups in the Venn diagram. b 3D PCoA graph based on the Bray-Curtis distance matrix. PERMANOVA: F = 20.208, two-sided P value = 0.003. PERMANOVA: permutational multivariate analysis of variance. c Column diagram of the relative distribution of each sample at the phylum level (top 10). The Y-axis is the sequence number percent, indicating the ratio of this phylum level to the total annotation data. d, e The box plots indicate the top 2 relative abundances of each bacterial group at the phylum level (Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes). f The most differentially abundant taxa of characteristic microorganisms from DSS + PBS, DSS + LiPg, and DSS + DePg mice (LDA Sore = 4 by LEfSe). LDA Score: linear discriminant analysis score. g FISH of colonic lumen sections from DSS + PBS, DSS + LiPg, and DSS + DePg mice: Bacteroidetes universal probe (green), P. gingivalis-specific probe (red), and DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 100 μm. At least five sections per group were analysed. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001 by two-tailed one-way ANOVA with two-sided p value. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.