Fig. 3: Flexible programmability and bionic spikes of the 2D MoS₂ FGM.

a FGM transfer curves, which exhibit considerable hysteresis windows. The red line represents the mean curve of 10 repeated sweeps. Vg: gate voltage. b Boxplot of LRS/HRS for varying spike widths, which implies an ultrafast speed of 100 ns. The inset shows the nonvolatile retention (1000 s) at 100 ns. LRS: low resistance state, HRS: high resistance state, IQR: interquartile range. Box represents 25%−75% of conductance values, error bar represents 1.5 times IQR, horizontal line represents median, and hollow rectangle represents mean. c Endurance for 1000 cycles. The write/erase spikes are ±10 V, 10 ms. Squares and circles represent the mean conductance of LRS and HRS at each cycle. d Device conductance shows a progressive increase and decrease, which mimics the LTP/LTD plasticity in biological synapses and enables programmable stimuli. Box represents mean, error bar represents 1.5 times IQR, and horizontal line represents median. e Representative conductance distribution after device programming (1 pA−10 nA). The programmed states exhibit nonvolatility. f Extracted sympathetic nerve signals (top panel) and bionic stimulation spikes (bottom panel) emitted by the MoS₂ FGM-based neuromorphic stimulator. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.