Fig. 1: Population structure and demographic history of wild A. gifuensis populations. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Population structure and demographic history of wild A. gifuensis populations.

From: Natural selection and genetic diversity maintenance in a parasitic wasp during continuous biological control application

Fig. 1: Population structure and demographic history of wild A. gifuensis populations.

a, b were based on mitogenomes and (c–f) were based on nucleic SNPs. a Clustering of individuals estimated by BAPS. The areas of different colors indicate the proportion of each cluster in the population. The map was drawn by the R Packages maps (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/maps). b Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree with 1000 bootstraps. The color of each cluster on the phylogenetic tree is consistent with BAPS. c Population genetic structure of wild populations (upper) and all populations (bottom) inferred by K-values with the lowest cross-validation error rate of ADMIXTURE. d PCA analysis of wild populations. e Population genetic differentiation (lower triangle) and corresponding gene flow Nm (upper triangle). The populations of Yunnan are marked in red. f Demographic history of wild populations predicted by SMC + +. The gray shadow denotes the last glacial period, approximately 11.5–20 K years ago. Source data are provided in the Source Data file. The detail information of each population abbreviations is listed in Supplementary Data 1 and Supplementary Data 2.

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