Fig. 4: Associations between SDB PCs and metabolites replicated in batch 2.

SDB PC1: the first principal component of the seven sleep disordered breathing traits included in the principal component analysis; SDB PC2: the second principal component of the seven sleep disordered breathing traits included in the principal component analysis. Model 1 adjusted for demographic variables, including age, sex, field center, Hispanic/Latino background (Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central American, Dominican, and South American and other/multi) and body mass index (BMI). Model 2 adjusted for all model 1 covariates and lifestyle variables – alcohol use, cigarette use, total physical activity (MET-min/day), and diet (Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010) in addition to demographic variables. Model 3 adjusted for all model 1 and 2 covariates and comorbidities - indicators for diabetes and hypertension, and continuous measures of fasting insulin, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. model_1.b1: model 1 in batch 1(n = 3299 samples); model_2.b1: model 2 in batch 1(n = 3256 samples); model_3.b1: model 3 in batch 1(n = 3182 samples); model_1.b2: model 1 in batch 2(n = 1522 samples); model_2.b2: model 2 in batch 2(n = 1500 samples); model_3.b2: model 3 in batch 2 (n = 1457 samples). * indicates FDR-corrected p < 0.05 in batch 1 and FDR-corrected one-sided p < 0.05 in batch 2. Data are presented as effect estimates with 95% confidence intervals. P-values were derived from 1 degree-of-freedom Wald test, followed by False Discovery Rate Control (FDR). Batch 1 analysis used two sided tests and Batch 2 analysis used one sided tests. Exact p values are provided in Supplementary Data 4. Metabolites with * indicate they were identified based on accurate mass data, retention time and mass spectrometry but not reference standards. Therefore, the verification is not as robust as metabolites without *. Source data are provided in Supplementary Data 18.