Table 1 Baseline Characteristics, by study arm

From: Effect of gut microbiome modulation on muscle function and cognition: the PROMOTe randomised controlled trial

  

Total

Prebiotic

Placebo

p-Value

  

N = 72

N = 36

N = 36

 

Age (years)

 

73.1 (4.8)

73.1 (4.9)

73.1 (4.9)

1.000

Sex

Female

56 (77.8%)

28 (77.8%)

28 (77.8%)

1.000

 

Male

16 (22.2%)

8 (22.2%)

8 (22.2%)

 

Zygosity

Monozygotic

44 (61.1%)

22 (61.1%)

22 (61.1%)

1.000

 

Dizygotic

28 (38.9%)

14 (38.9%)

14 (38.9%)

 

Smoking Status

Never Smoked

38 (52.8%)

19 (52.8%)

19 (52.8%)

0.570

 

Ex-Smoker

30 (41.7%)

14 (38.9%)

16 (44.4%)

 
 

Current Smoker

4 (5.6%)

3 (8.3%)

1 (2.8%)

 

Household Income

Declined to Answer

13 (18.1%)

5 (13.9%)

8 (22.2%)

0.590

 

Low Income

30 (41.7%)

14 (38.9%)

16 (44.4%)

 
 

Middle Income

23 (31.9%)

14 (38.9%)

9 (25.0%)

 
 

High Income

6 (8.3%)

3 (8.3%)

3 (8.3%)

 

Education Level

Low

33 (45.8%)

18 (50.0%)

15 (41.7%)

0.730

 

Middle

25 (34.7%)

11 (30.6%)

14 (38.9%)

 
 

High

14 (19.4%)

7 (19.4%)

7 (19.4%)

 

Alcohol Intake

Never Drink

20 (27.8%)

12 (33.3%)

8 (22.2%)

0.510

 

Less than weekly

17 (23.6%)

7 (19.4%)

10 (27.8%)

 
 

At least weekly

35 (48.6%)

17 (47.2%)

18 (50.0%)

 

Weight (kg)

 

73.8 (15.7)

71.8 (14.0)

75.8 (17.2)

0.280

Height (m)

 

1.6 (0.1)

1.6 (0.1)

1.6 (0.1)

0.950

Body Mass Index

 

28.0 (5.1)

27.3 (5.0)

28.7 (5.3)

0.240

Protein Intake (g/d)

 

60.7 (14.4)

60.1 (16.2)

61.3 (12.5)

0.710

Protein/Weight (g/kg/d)

 

0.9 (0.2)

0.9 (0.2)

0.8 (0.2)

0.910

Energy Intake (kcals/d)

 

1569.5 (397.7)

1581.6 (380.5)

1557.5 (419.2)

0.800

Frailty Index

 

0.2 (0.1)

0.2 (0.1)

0.2 (0.1)

0.790

Gait speed (m/s)

 

1.1 (0.4)

1.1 (0.4)

1.1 (0.3)

0.640

Chair Rise Time (s)

 

10.6 (3.3)

10.3 (3.2)

11.0 (3.5)

0.370

Grip Strength (kg)

 

26.0 (9.7)

25.7 (9.5)

26.3 (10.0)

0.800

Balance Score

 

4.0 (0.2)

4.0 (0.0)

3.9 (0.2)

0.160

SPPB Score

 

11.0 (1.5)

10.9 (1.5)

11.0 (1.5)

0.810

IPAQ MET mins/week

 

674.8 (654.5)

564.8 (591.2)

784.8 (703.2)

0.160

IPAQ Score

Low activity

69 (95.8%)

35 (97.2%)

34 (94.4%)

0.560

 

Medium activity

3 (4.2%)

1 (2.8%)

2 (5.6%)

 

Appetite—SNAQ

 

15.2 (2.0)

14.7 (2.0)

15.8 (1.9)

0.046*

Cognition (CANTAB)

Executive function

OTS—mean latency (speed of response; ms)

32773.2 (20028.7)

37476.2 (24711.6)

28766.9 (14250.0)

0.130

Spatial working memory (no. errors)

14.3 (10.0)

13.0 (8.7)

15.3 (11.0)

0.420

Memory

PAL: first attempt memory score

11.9 (4.6)

12.5 (4.5)

11.4 (4.7)

0.430

PAL: total no. errors

18.0 (16.2)

16.7 (15.9)

19.2 (16.7)

0.580

Pattern recognition memory (% correct)

89.5 (10.5)

87.0 (11.7)

91.7 (9.0)

0.110

Spatial span (forward span length; range 2-9)

5.7 (1.3)

5.9 (1.6)

5.5 (1.0)

0.350

 

Missing cognitive data

22

13

9

 
  1. Continuous data is presented as mean (standard deviation). Categorical data are presented as n(%). * Denotes significance. Missing data numbers are listed for cognition; no other variables have missing data. P values are group comparisons between each study arm performed using a two-sided paired t-test.
  2. SPPB short physical performance battery, IPAQ international physical activity questionnaire, MET metabolic equivalent of task (One MET is the energy you expend at rest), SNAQ simplified nutritional assessment questionnaire, CANTAB Cambridge neuropsychological test automated battery, OTS one touch stockings of Cambridge cognitive test, PAL paired associates learning.
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